Winter Solstice
As early as 2,500 years ago, about the Spring and Autumn Period (770-476 BC), China had determined the point of Winter Solstice by observing movements of the sun with a sundial. It is the earliest of the 24 seasonal division points. The time will be each December 22 or 23 according to the Gregorian calendar.
The Northern hemisphere on this day experiences the shortest daytime and longest nighttime. After the Winter Solstice, days will become longer and longer. As ancient Chinese thought, the yang, or muscular, positive things will become stronger and stronger after this day, so it should be celebrated.
The Winter Solstice became a festival during the Han Dynasty (206 BC-220 AD) and thrived in the Tang and Song dynasties (618-1279). The Han people regarded Winter Solstice as a "Winter Festival", so officials would organize celebrating activities. On this day, both officials and common people would have a rest. The army was stationed in, frontier fortresses closed and business and traveling stopped. Relatives and friends presented to each other delicious food. In the Tang and Song dynasties, the Winter Solstice was a day to offer scarifies to Heaven and ancestors. Emperors would go to suburbs to worship the Heaven; while common people offered sacrifices to their deceased parents or other relatives. The Qing Dynasty (1644-1911) even had the record that "Winter Solstice is as formal as the Spring Festival," showing the great importance attached to this day.
In some parts of Northern China, people eat dumpling soup on this day; while residents of some other places eat dumplings, saying doing so will keep them from frost in the upcoming winter. But in parts of South China, the whole family will get together to have a meal made of red-bean and glutinous rice to drive away ghosts and other evil things. In other places, people also eat tangyuan, a kind of stuffed small dumpling ball made of glutinous rice flour. The Winter Solstice rice dumplings could be used as sacrifices to ancestors, or gifts for friends and relatives. The Taiwan people even keep the custom of offering nine-layer cakes to their ancestors. They make cakes in the shape of chicken, duck, tortoise, pig, cow or sheep with glutinous rice flour and steam them on different layers of a pot. These animals all signify auspiciousness in Chinese tradition. People of the same surname or family clan gather at their ancestral temples to worship their ancestors in age order. After the sacrificial ceremony, there is always a grand banquet.
冬至，是我國(guó)農(nóng)歷中一個(gè)非常重要的節(jié)氣，也是一個(gè)傳統(tǒng)節(jié)日，至今仍有不少地方有過冬至節(jié)的習(xí)俗。冬至俗稱“冬節(jié)”、“長(zhǎng)至節(jié)”、“亞歲” 等。早在二千五百多年前的春秋時(shí)代，我國(guó)已經(jīng)用土圭觀測(cè)太陽測(cè)定出冬至來了，它是二十四節(jié)氣中最早制訂出的一個(gè)。時(shí)間在每年的 陽歷 12 月 22 日或者 23 日之間。
冬至是北半球全年中白天最短、黑夜最長(zhǎng)的一天，過了冬至，白天就會(huì)一天天變長(zhǎng)。古人對(duì)冬至的說法是：陰極之至，陽氣始生，日南 至，日短之至，日影長(zhǎng)之至，故曰“冬至”。冬至過后，各地氣候都進(jìn)入一個(gè)最寒冷的階段，也就是人們常說的“進(jìn)九”，我國(guó)民間有“冷在三 九，熱在三伏”的說法。現(xiàn)代天文科學(xué)測(cè)定，冬至日太陽直射南回歸線，陽光對(duì)北半球最傾斜，北半球白天最短，黑夜最長(zhǎng)，這天之后， 太陽又逐漸北移。
在我國(guó)古代對(duì)冬至很重視，冬至被當(dāng)作一個(gè)較大節(jié)日，曾有“冬至大如年”的說法，而且有慶賀冬至的習(xí)俗。《漢書》中說：“冬至陽氣起， 君道長(zhǎng)，故賀。”人們認(rèn)為：過了冬至，白晝一天比一天長(zhǎng)，陽氣回升，是一個(gè)節(jié)氣循環(huán)的開始，也是一個(gè)吉日，應(yīng)該慶賀。《晉書》上 記載有“魏晉冬至日受萬國(guó)及百僚稱賀……其儀亞于正旦。”說明古代對(duì)冬至日的重視。 現(xiàn)在，一些地方還把冬至作為一個(gè)節(jié)日來過。北方地區(qū)有冬至宰羊，吃餃子、吃餛飩的習(xí)俗，南方地區(qū)在這一天則有吃冬至米團(tuán)、冬至 長(zhǎng)線面的習(xí)慣。各個(gè)地區(qū)在冬至這一天還有祭天祭祖的習(xí)俗。
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