On November 11, 1918, the last 4 years of the first world war in Britain, the United States, France and other countries win and Germany, the failure and come to an end. In January 1919, the Allies of winning Versailles peace conference in Paris. The republic of China as a victorious nation to attend the meeting. The republic of China on behalf of foreign in China are put forward at the meeting were abolished privileges, cancel the twenty-first article, etc. As required, are refused. The meeting Japan was decided to take over Germany in China of all kinds of privileges. Treaty of this country, the republic of China on behalf of preparing signature recognition. Word came that the wrath of the whole nation and public anger. Take the student as the forerunner of the May 4th patriotic movement as the volcanic eruptions began.
In the afternoon of May 4th rally ahead of more than 3000 students in tiananmen square in Beijing, they shouted: "I also Qingdao, outside for sovereignty, except the kleptocratic" slogans, such as calling for people from all walks of life, oppose imperialist aggression, defend the Chinese territory and sovereignty. The movement of all ranks of workers and the solidarity and support, Shanghai, nanjing and other places of the workers go on strike or protest. Under the pressure of the people throughout the country, the northern government was forced to release the arrested students, remove Cao Rulin and others post, and instructions Paris to attend the meeting of the representatives refused to sign the contract.
1918年11月11日，延續4年之久的第一次世界大戰以英、美、法等國的勝利和德、奧等國的失敗而告結束。1919年1月，獲勝的協約國在巴黎凡爾賽宮召開和平會議。中華民國作為戰勝國參加會議。中華民國代表在會上提出廢除外國在華特權，取消二十一條等正當要求，均遭拒絕。會議竟決定日本接管德國在華的各種特權。對這喪權辱國的條約，中華民國代表居然準備簽字承認。消息傳來，舉國震怒，群情激憤。以學生為先導的五四愛國運動就如火山爆發一般地開始了。
5月4日下午，北京3000多名學生在天安門前集會游行，他們高呼：“還我青島、外爭主權，內除國賊”等口號，呼吁各界人士行動起來，反對帝國主義的侵略行徑，保衛中國的領土和主權。這一運動得到的工人和各階層人士的聲援和支持，上海、南京等地的工人紛紛舉行罷工或示威。在全國人民的壓力下，北洋政府被迫釋放被捕學生，罷免曹汝霖等人的職務，并指令巴黎參加會議的代表拒絕在和約上簽字。
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