The ICD had its origin in the World Conference for the Wellbeing of Children in Geneva, Switzerland in 1925. It is not clear as to why June 1 was chosen as the ICD: one theory has it that the Chinese consul-general in San Francisco (USA) gathered a number of Chinese orphans to celebrate the Dragon Boat Festival in 1925, which happened to be on June 1 that year, and also coincided with the conference in Geneva.
June 1 has since been observed as the ICD by numerous countries, especially by Communist countries; in the Western world the ICD is usually celebrated on other days of the year (if at all), and there is often little public awareness about these celebrations. (See the section on Germany below for further discussions.) Consequently there is sometimes a misperception that June 1 as the ICD was a Communist invention. Nonetheless, in recent years even some groups within the United States started observing the ICD on June 1.
1949年11月，國際民主婦女聯合會在莫斯科舉行理事會議，中國和各國代表憤怒地揭露了帝國主義分子和各國反動派殘殺、毒害兒童的罪行。為了保障世界各國兒童的生存權、保健權和受教育權，為了改善兒童的生活，會議決定以每年的6月1日為國際兒童節。
在此以前，世界上的許多國家就有兒童節。1925年，國際兒童幸福促進會倡議建立兒童紀念日，英國、美國、日本等國積極響應，先后建立了自己國家的兒童節，英國規定每年的7月14日為兒童節，美國規定5月1日為兒童節。日本的兒童節很特殊，分男女兒童節，男兒童節5月5日、女兒童節3月3日。我國在1931年也曾經規定4月4日為中國兒童節。
自從1949年確立6月1日為國際兒童節以后，世界各國紛紛廢除原來的兒童節，而統一為六一國際兒童節。我國中央政府1949年12月宣布：以六一國際兒童節代替原來的四四兒童節，并規定少年兒童放假一天。
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