梗概作文200字
一、考綱要求
1． 概括的準(zhǔn)確性；
2． 字?jǐn)?shù)大約30詞；
3． 不要抄襲閱讀材料中的句子。
二、難點分析
1． 如何迅速、準(zhǔn)確地捕捉要點；
2． 如何巧妙串連，將要點串成篇章；
3． 如何靈活詮釋，避免抄襲的嫌疑。
三、解題思路
1． 巧妙利用opinion，預(yù)測材料內(nèi)容
讀寫任務(wù)先讀后寫。那么“讀”的材料肯定是與要“寫”的材料話題是相同的，至少是相關(guān)的。因此，我們可以利用這一關(guān)系來進行有效的預(yù)測。以下是兩個例子。 實例一（閱讀材料－議論文）
We find that bright children are rarely held back by mixed-ability teaching. On the contrary, both their knowledge and experience are enriched. We feel that there are many disadvantages in streaming pupils. It does not take into account the fact that children develop at different rates. It can have a bad effect on both the bright and the not-so-bright child. After all, it can be quite discouraging to be at the bottom of the top grade!
Besides, it is rather unreal to grade people just according to their intellectual ability. This is only one aspect of their total personality. We are concerned to develop the abilities of all our pupils to the full, not just their academic ability. We also value personal qualities and social skills, and we find that mixed-ability teaching contributes to all these aspects of learning.
In our classrooms, we work in various ways. Sometimes the pupils work in pairs; sometimes they work on individual tasks. We encourage our pupils to use the library, and we teach them the skills they need in order to do this efficiently. And advanced pupils can do advanced work: it does not matter what age the child is. We expect our pupils to do their best, not their least, and we give them every encouragement to achieve this goal.
[寫作內(nèi)容]
1. 用約30詞概括短文的內(nèi)容要點；
2. 用約120詞就“學(xué)校該不該分班”這個主題發(fā)表你的看法。
本例中的主題是“學(xué)校該不該分班”，那么，我們可以根據(jù)這個話題進行如下預(yù)測：
(1）閱讀材料的論點是什么：該？不該？
(2）論據(jù)是什么：該的理由？不該的理由？
(3）如何論證：有無實例？如有，又是什么實例？
這樣，心中有了疑問，就好比大海航行有了指南針一樣，只要循著這一方向去找，一定能在最短的時間里到達大洋的彼岸——迅速捕捉要點。
此外，當(dāng)對話題的具體內(nèi)容感到迷惘時，我們還可以充分利用寫作內(nèi)容2）里的a) b) c)來幫助我們進一步定向。如:
實例二（閱讀材料－記敘文）
Once upon a time, there was a king who ruled a rich country. One day, he went for a trip to some distant areas of his country. When he was back to his palace, he complained that his feet were very painful, because it was the first time that he had gone for such a long trip, and the road that he went through was very rough and stony. He then ordered his people to cover road of the entire country with leather. Of course, this would need hundreds of thousands of cows’skin, and would cost a huge amount of money. Then taking risks of being killed, one of his wise servants dared himself to tell the king, “Why don’t you cover your feet with a piece of leather?” Luckily the king was an open-minded and easily-persuaded man. So though he was surprised, he later agrees to take the suggestion to make a “shoe” for himself. There is actually a valuable lesson in this story: to make this world a happy place to live in, you’d better change yourself—your heart not the world. 本例中的主題是“改變世界還是改變自己”。那么我們可以分析這一主題：人什么時候需要做出這種選擇——改變世界還是改變自己？當(dāng)然是遇到困難或矛盾時。那么，主人公遇上了什么困難？最終是通過改變世界還是改變自己來解決難題的呢？
至此，還不知道如何預(yù)測的同學(xué)，不妨再進一步地利用后面的具體內(nèi)容要點a) b)來預(yù)測如下：
1. 原文中主人公遇到（經(jīng)歷）了怎樣的'困難？
2. 他/她是如何應(yīng)對的？是改變世界還是改變自己？
與單純地通過主題/話題來進行預(yù)測而言，這一種預(yù)測方法（利用寫作內(nèi)容2里的各小點）更適合記敘文體的閱讀材料。
2. 分析文章結(jié)構(gòu)，準(zhǔn)確捕捉要點
有了“指南針”之后，捕捉短文要點就容易多了。那么，如何才能快速、準(zhǔn)確地捕捉到文章的要點呢？
首先，從文體入手。一般來說，讀寫任務(wù)里的閱讀材料按文體可以分成兩種：議論文和記敘文。議論文有三要素，即論點、論據(jù)、論證，文章的整體結(jié)構(gòu)多數(shù)為總分結(jié)構(gòu)、分總結(jié)構(gòu)、平行結(jié)構(gòu)等。因此，我們通常可以在第一段或最后一段找論點。
如實例一，論點就在第一段開頭找到：Mixed-ability teaching can do good to bright children. On the contrary, streaming students have many disadvantages.
再看實例二，這是一篇記敘文，我們要找出它的四要素：when, where, who, what等。帶著這幾個問題去找，自然很快就找出來了。
其次，從過渡語入手。如實例一中，Besides就是一個很好的guide, 因為它通常表示并列或遞進的關(guān)系，它后面的it is rather unreal to grade people just
according to their intellectual ability 很明顯是講streaming pupils的缺點，那么在它前面必然還有至少一個缺點。再從第一段的disadvantage看起，就可以迅速找出它的另一個缺點，即have a bad effect on both the bright and the not-so-bright child as they develop differently，這就是論據(jù)了。第三段一開頭，就用了In our classroom， 有具體的地點，那么，一看就知道是在舉例了，且舉的是Mixed-ability teaching所帶來的好處的例子。
3. 理清邏輯關(guān)系，選擇合適連詞
在捕捉到文章的要點之后，接下來就是要理清他們之間的邏輯關(guān)系，再找到適當(dāng)?shù)倪B接詞，自然銜接，使之成為一個連貫的語段。如實例一可以用圖表示如下：
4. 靈活變化表達，適度進行paraphrase
理清要點之間的邏輯關(guān)系之后，不能簡單地照搬原句，還必須進行適度的paraphrase，即用自己的話進行改寫，才符合“不要抄襲閱讀材料中的句子”的要求。那么，如何才能達到“雁過不留痕”的效果呢？
(1)同義替換。即用同義或近義的詞語或句型改寫，如實例一中的 “intellectual ability”和“academic ability”就可以用grades(成績)來替換；“grade pupils according to”則可用judge/group pupils by替換；“It does not take into account the fact”可以變?yōu)镮t fails to consider that...
(2)語態(tài)互換。即主語語態(tài)與被動語態(tài)的轉(zhuǎn)換，如實例二中he later agrees to take the suggestion to...就可以用它的被動語態(tài)來表示：he was later persuaded to...
(3)非謂語動詞短語與從句的互換。如實例二中there was a king who ruled a rich country就可以用there was a king ruling a rich country來表達。
(4)合并句子。就是將幾個意義聯(lián)系緊密的句子合并為一句話。如實例一中的兩個論據(jù)①We feel that there are many disadvantages in streaming pupils. It does not take into account the fact that children develop at different rates. ②Besides, it is rather unreal to grade people just according to their intellectual ability.就可改為Streaming pupils not only neglects the different rates of students’ development, but also is unfair for them judging only by their grades.
5. 削“枝”去“葉”，實行精“兵”裁“員”
由于字?jǐn)?shù)有限制，所以在寫summary時還應(yīng)采取一些必要的手段來進行精“兵”裁“員”,減少字?jǐn)?shù)。慣常采用的方法有：
(1)主謂縮寫。如they will→they’ll; we are→we’re; should not→shouldn’t; can not→can’t等。
(2)句式省略。如when he crossed the road=when crossing the road. if they’re corrected too much=if corrected too much.
(3)使用代詞或含有替代含義的詞。如實例二中，有學(xué)生會這樣寫：Once a king wanted to cover the road with leather to protect his feet. A servant advised the king not to cover the road and just make a pair of shoes for himself. Finally the king agreed and made shoes for himself. 這時，我們可以利用代
詞將其改寫如下：Once a king wanted to cover the road with leather to protect his feet, but he was persuaded not to do so. Instead, he made a pair of shoes to achieve the same goal.
四、避免誤區(qū)
1. 要點不齊，“骨” “肉”分離
如實例一中 “學(xué)校不該分班”是“骨”，“為什么不該分班”則是“肉”。如果只寫了Streaming pupils shouldn’t be adopted in schools.則為有“骨”無“肉”；如果寫成Streaming pupils not only neglects the different rates of students’ development, but also is unfair for them judging. only by their grades.則成了有“肉”無“骨”。這兩種寫法都屬于“骨”“肉”分離的典例。
2. 抄襲原文，窮于變化
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